Chemistry

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Atoms and molecules


Compostion of molecules


1) What is a molecule ?

Atoms can gather to form molecules.
Definition:
A molecule is a group of several identical or different atoms linked together.


2) Chemical formulas

A molecule is represented by a formula that indicates:
- The different kinds of atoms within the molecule (Each atom is represented by its symbol)
- The number of each atom (with a subscript after the symbol)

For instance the water molecular formula is H2O:
  - The symbol H indicates that the water molecule consists of atoms of hydrogen and its subscript ( 2 ) indicates that there are two atoms.
- The symbol O indicates a water molecule is composed of oxygen atoms but the absence of subscript indicates that there is only one atom.
The water molecule thus consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Some examples of chemical formulas to know:
The molecule of dioxygen: formula O
2
The dinitrogen molecule: formula N2
The molecule of carbon dioxide: formula CO2
The methane molecule: formula CH4
The molecule of carbon monoxide: formula CO
The butane molecule: formula C
4H10

3) Molecular models


Atoms are represented by models which are colored spheres.


Main models
atom model



These sphere can be used to build molecules
Some simple molecular models
molecular model of water, dioxygen, methane and carbon dioxide




Science class

Mechanics lessons
Water

Water on Earth
Changes of state in the nature: the water cycle
Water in human body
Test for water
Properties of water in different states

States of matter

States of matter and its changes
Boiling water
Water: freezing and melting
Changes of state: mass and volume
Molecules in different states of matter

Mixtures and solutions

Heterogeneous mixtures
Homogeneous mixtures
Decantation
Centrifugation
Filtration
Vaporization of water
Distillation
Chromatography
Dissolving a solid in water
Conservation of mass on dissolving
Miscibility in water

Mass and volume

Volume and its units
Measuring volume with a graduated cylinder
Mass and its units
Measuring the mass of a liquid
Mass of a liter of water
Volumetric mass density

Air and atmosphere

Atmosphere
Earth's atmosphere protect us
Threats to the Earth's atmosphere
Composition of air
Air and life
Pressure

Atoms and molecules

Molecules
Molecules in mixtures and pure substances
Molecules and states of matter
Atoms
Composition of molecules
Constituents of the atoms
The electrical neutrality of the atom

Combustions

Basics of combustion
The combustion of carbon
The combustion of butane

Atoms and chemical reactions

Chemical reactions
Chemical equations
Law of conservation of mass
Chemical synthesis

Metals

Most common metals
How to distinguish metals ?

Corrosion of metals
Electrical conductivity of solid materials
Electrons and free electrons
Electric current in metals

Ions

The conductivity of aqueous solutions
Aqueous solutions and ions
The direction of movement of ions
Formation of ions
Tests for ions

Acidic and basic solutions

pH of aqueous solutions
Ions in acidic and basic solutions
Dilution of acids and bases
Composition of hydrochloric acid
Chemical reaction between iron and hydrochloric acid

Electrochemical cells and chemical energy

Chemical reaction beteween a copper sulphate solution and zinc
Copper sulfate and zinc battery
Basics of electrochemical cell


        










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